Translation Procedures

The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:

• Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."

Example :

1.      My uncle works as supervisor in that company : Pamanku bekerja sebagai supervisor di perusahan itu

2.     Jack is a master in mathematic : Jack adalah seorang master di matematika.

• Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

Example :

1.     Word “Tri” in Bahasa Indonesia from “Three” in English

2.     Word “Servis” in Bahasa Indonesia from “Service” in English

• Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example :

1.     “Security Guard” is translated to be “satpam” in Bahasa Indonesia

2.     “patrolman” is translated to be “peronda” in Bahasa Indonesia

• Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example :

1.     Pencuri itu memakai blangkon

- The thief wears blangkon (a javanese hat)

2.     They always bring their samurai

-mereka selalu membawa samurainya (aristokrat jepang pada abad XI sampai XIX yang menjadi pegawai pemerintahan)

•         Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example :

1.Panettone = the traditional cookies from Italy that we can eat in every new year party

                   2.BirPletok = the traditional drinks from Betawi that’s mnde by ginger

• Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

Example  :

1.    girl   : woman
2.    man : adult

• Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example :

1.     Funny: Humorous, Comical, Hilarious, Hysterical

2.     Outgoing: Friendly, Sociable, Warm, Extroverted

• Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example :

1.     “photo studio” in English is still translated as photo studio in Bahasa Indonesia

2.     Manchester University = Universitas Manchester

• Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

Example :

1.     Stars = Bintang (bukan bintang-bintang)

2.     Succeed = success

• Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

Example :

1.     “ I am going to be a mother” is translated to be “you are going to have a child”

2.     “It isn’t expensive” is translated to be It’s cheap.

• Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

Example :

1.     USSR (Unnited Soviet Socialist Republic )  = Uni Soviet

2.     UNO (United Nation Organization) = PBB (Persatuan Bangsa Bangsa)

• Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

Example :

1.     Vengeance is mine  = saatnya balas dendam

2.     Have a good time  = bersenang senanglah !

• Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example :

1.     Original Text : “To improve English, you should learn new vocabulary on a daily basis.”

Paraphrasing Text : “To improve English, new vocabulary should be learned on a daily basis”

2.     Original Text : “It can be difficult to choose a suitable place to study English.”

Paraphrasing Text :

·        “It is often a challenge to pick up a relevant school to learn English.”

·        “It is sometimes hard to select an appropriate place to learn English.”

• Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example :

1.     Chattels have a legal definition so goods may well refer to items that aren't covered by the legal definition of chattels
2.  Desist and cease - desist can mean to refrain from doing something, ie not to do it in the first place.

• Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example :

1.  PS : Milky Way is a galaxy = NB : Bima Sakti adalah sebuah galaxy

2. Spoiler : Fast and Furious 7 will be display on 2015 = Bocoran : Fust and Furious akan tayang pada tahun 2015

The Examples of Metaphor, Simile and Allusions

1. METAPHOR

Example :

• David is a worm for what he did to Shelia.
• The job interview was a rope ladder dropped from heaven.
• Her hair was a flowing golden river streaming down her shoulders.
• The computer in the classroom was an old dinosaur.
• Laughter is the music of the soul.

2. SIMILE

Example :

• as easy as taking candy from a baby --> very easy or simple  (Beating my little sister at chess is like taking candy from a baby)
•  as green as mold --> very green (Her teeth look as green as mold; she needs to brush them more often!)
• as clear as crystal -->very easy to understand/ easy to see (The water in the Mediterranean sea is as clear as crystal) 
• as black as coal --> very black (The pirate's evil eyes are as black as coal)
• as gentle as a lamb -->very calm and kind (If you are going to look after my cat Ichigo, you'll have to be as gentle as a lamb)

3. ALLUSION

Example :

• In the poem, The City of Walls by Edgar Allan Poe, the phrase "up Babylon - like walls" is considered to be an allusion as it refers to the doomed city of death.
• 'The earth was all before me', the fourteenth line of The Prelude written by William Wordsworth, alludes to the final phrases of Paradise Lost by John Milton: "The world was all before them". It is believed that Paradise Lost also refers to the story of Adam and Eve in Genesis.
• The Waste Land written by T. S. Eliot comprises of numerous allusions to the works of Shakespeare, Dante, Webster, St. Augustine etc.
• Allusions are also extended in order to show depth in certain tales such as Little Red Riding Hood. It is visible in Anthony Browne's The Tunnel (1989), where the character of Little Red Riding Hood is not mentioned but several pictorial illustrations allude to it. For instance, the lead character's red coat with the hood is seen hanging on a hook can be related to this well-known story.
• "Sue did not want to endure Eve's curse, so she opted for the epidural" - Here, the allusion stated is Eve's curse and it illustrates God giving Eve the curse of painful childbirth (Genesis).