Translation Procedures

The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:

• Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."

Example :

1.      My uncle works as supervisor in that company : Pamanku bekerja sebagai supervisor di perusahan itu

2.     Jack is a master in mathematic : Jack adalah seorang master di matematika.

• Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

Example :

1.     Word “Tri” in Bahasa Indonesia from “Three” in English

2.     Word “Servis” in Bahasa Indonesia from “Service” in English

• Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example :

1.     “Security Guard” is translated to be “satpam” in Bahasa Indonesia

2.     “patrolman” is translated to be “peronda” in Bahasa Indonesia

• Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example :

1.     Pencuri itu memakai blangkon

- The thief wears blangkon (a javanese hat)

2.     They always bring their samurai

-mereka selalu membawa samurainya (aristokrat jepang pada abad XI sampai XIX yang menjadi pegawai pemerintahan)

•         Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example :

1.Panettone = the traditional cookies from Italy that we can eat in every new year party

                   2.BirPletok = the traditional drinks from Betawi that’s mnde by ginger

• Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

Example  :

1.    girl   : woman
2.    man : adult

• Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example :

1.     Funny: Humorous, Comical, Hilarious, Hysterical

2.     Outgoing: Friendly, Sociable, Warm, Extroverted

• Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example :

1.     “photo studio” in English is still translated as photo studio in Bahasa Indonesia

2.     Manchester University = Universitas Manchester

• Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

Example :

1.     Stars = Bintang (bukan bintang-bintang)

2.     Succeed = success

• Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

Example :

1.     “ I am going to be a mother” is translated to be “you are going to have a child”

2.     “It isn’t expensive” is translated to be It’s cheap.

• Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

Example :

1.     USSR (Unnited Soviet Socialist Republic )  = Uni Soviet

2.     UNO (United Nation Organization) = PBB (Persatuan Bangsa Bangsa)

• Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

Example :

1.     Vengeance is mine  = saatnya balas dendam

2.     Have a good time  = bersenang senanglah !

• Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example :

1.     Original Text : “To improve English, you should learn new vocabulary on a daily basis.”

Paraphrasing Text : “To improve English, new vocabulary should be learned on a daily basis”

2.     Original Text : “It can be difficult to choose a suitable place to study English.”

Paraphrasing Text :

·        “It is often a challenge to pick up a relevant school to learn English.”

·        “It is sometimes hard to select an appropriate place to learn English.”

• Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example :

1.     Chattels have a legal definition so goods may well refer to items that aren't covered by the legal definition of chattels
2.  Desist and cease - desist can mean to refrain from doing something, ie not to do it in the first place.

• Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example :

1.  PS : Milky Way is a galaxy = NB : Bima Sakti adalah sebuah galaxy

2. Spoiler : Fast and Furious 7 will be display on 2015 = Bocoran : Fust and Furious akan tayang pada tahun 2015

The Examples of Metaphor, Simile and Allusions

1. METAPHOR

Example :

• David is a worm for what he did to Shelia.
• The job interview was a rope ladder dropped from heaven.
• Her hair was a flowing golden river streaming down her shoulders.
• The computer in the classroom was an old dinosaur.
• Laughter is the music of the soul.

2. SIMILE

Example :

• as easy as taking candy from a baby --> very easy or simple  (Beating my little sister at chess is like taking candy from a baby)
•  as green as mold --> very green (Her teeth look as green as mold; she needs to brush them more often!)
• as clear as crystal -->very easy to understand/ easy to see (The water in the Mediterranean sea is as clear as crystal) 
• as black as coal --> very black (The pirate's evil eyes are as black as coal)
• as gentle as a lamb -->very calm and kind (If you are going to look after my cat Ichigo, you'll have to be as gentle as a lamb)

3. ALLUSION

Example :

• In the poem, The City of Walls by Edgar Allan Poe, the phrase "up Babylon - like walls" is considered to be an allusion as it refers to the doomed city of death.
• 'The earth was all before me', the fourteenth line of The Prelude written by William Wordsworth, alludes to the final phrases of Paradise Lost by John Milton: "The world was all before them". It is believed that Paradise Lost also refers to the story of Adam and Eve in Genesis.
• The Waste Land written by T. S. Eliot comprises of numerous allusions to the works of Shakespeare, Dante, Webster, St. Augustine etc.
• Allusions are also extended in order to show depth in certain tales such as Little Red Riding Hood. It is visible in Anthony Browne's The Tunnel (1989), where the character of Little Red Riding Hood is not mentioned but several pictorial illustrations allude to it. For instance, the lead character's red coat with the hood is seen hanging on a hook can be related to this well-known story.
• "Sue did not want to endure Eve's curse, so she opted for the epidural" - Here, the allusion stated is Eve's curse and it illustrates God giving Eve the curse of painful childbirth (Genesis).

ETHNOGRAPHIC TRANSLATION ("yeah" vs "yes")

Ethnographic translation: its purpose is to explicate the cultural context of the SL and TL versions. Translators have to be sensitive to the way words are used and must know how the word fits into cultures. Example: the use of the word ‘yes’ versus ‘yeah’ in America.

for example : 

1. Mandel could have made it easy on us by simply taking a position — yea or nay. 

2. “Do you really think she’ll be better than you?” Ennis was asked. “Probably, yeah,” the European champion replied.

The use of word "yea" and "yeah" in the sentence 1 & 2 refers to "yes".

It is very common for American using that words to stated or responds  yes no question in their daily life. " Yeah" is a casual pronuciation of "yes". I think from these example, the readers can know what the meaning of the words "yea" and "yeah" is.

AESTHETIC-POETIC TRANSLATION (Sonnet)

Aesthetic-poetic translation refers to translation in which the translator takes into account the affect, emotion, and feeling of an original version, the aesthetic form used by the original author, as well as any information in the message.

the sonnet above is one of the example of the aesthetic-poetic translation. They are both using English language.

But, the language in the left side is the original one from the authors, and in the right side is using English modern language, as we have known. So, the readers can understand what the content of the sonnet is about. Because, the use of language in the right side is easier to understand. But the message are the same.

Types of Translation (Jenis - Jenis Terjemahan)

According to Larson (1984: 15) translation is classified into two main types, namely form-based translation and meaning-based translation.

1.  Forms-based translation attempts to follow the form of the source language (SL) and it is known as literal translation, 

2.  meaning-based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such translation is called idiomatic translation. 

Menurut Larson (1984: 15) terjemahan diklasifikasikan menjadi dua macam yakni terjemahan berdasarkan bentuk dan makna.

1. Terjemahan berdasarkan bentuk berupaya mengikuti bentuk bahasa sumber dan jenis terjemahan ini disebut dengan translasi literal,

2. terjemahan berdasarkan makana membutuhkan berbagai macam upaya untuk mengomunikasikan makna teks bahasa sumber ke dalm bentuk-bentuk bahasa sasaran yang alamiah. terjemahan yang demikian disebut translasi idiomatik. 

According to Catford (1978: 21) 

Based on the extent, the types of translation are:

1)      Full translation, it is a type of translation in which the entire SL text is reproduced by the TL text materials. 

2)      Partial translation, there are only some parts of the SL text to be translated into the TL text. 

Menurut Catford (1978 : 21) 

 Berdasarkan luasnya, jenis-jenis terjemahan meliputi: 

1) terjemahan lengkap, itu adalah jenis terjemahan dimana seluruh teks SL direproduksi oleh bahan teks TL. 

2) terjemahan parsial, hanya ada beberapa bagian dari teks bahasa sumber (SL) yang akan diterjemahkan ke dalam teks TL. 

In terms of level, the types of translation are: 

(1)      Total translation, the TL material replaces all levels of the SL text.

(2)      Restricted translation, it is the replacement of SL textual material with equivalent TL material at only one level; whether at the phonological level, graphological level, or at the level of grammar and lexis.  

Berdasarkan tingkatnya, jenis-jenis terjemahannya yaitu: 

1) terjemahan total yaitu materi bahasa penerima (TL) menggantikan semua tingkat teks bahasa sumber (SL)

2) terjemahan terbatas merupakan penggantian materi teks bahasa sumber (SL) yang setara dengan  bahasa penerima (TL) hanya di satu tingkat; baik di tingkat fonologi, tingkat graphologi, atau pada tingkat tata bahasa dan lexis

In terms of rank, translation is divided into: 

1)      Rank-bound translation, it means that the selection of TL text equivalent is limited at only one rank, such as word-for-word equivalence, morpheme-for-morpheme equivalence, etc. 2)      Unbounded translation, it can move freely up and down the rank-scale. 

Dalam hal peringkat, terjemahan dibagi menjadi:

1. terjemahan Rank-bound, itu berarti bahwa pemilihan teks TL setara dibatasi hanya pada satu peringkat,  seperti kesetaraan kata-demi kata , kesetaraan diantara morfem-, dll

2. terjemahan Unbounded, dapat bergerak bebas naik dan turun pada skala peringkat .

According to Brislin in Choliludin (2007: 26-30) 

Based on the purposes, categorizes translation into four types, namely: 

1. Pragmatic translation: it refers to the translation of a message with an interest in accuracy of the information that was meant to be conveyed in the SL form and it is not conveyed with other aspects of the original language version. Example: the translation of the information about repairing a machine. 

2. Aesthetic-poetic translation: it refers to translation in which the translator takes into account the affect, emotion, and feeling of an original version, the aesthetic form used by the original author, as well as any information in the message. Example: the translation of sonnet, rhyme, heroic couplet, dramatic dialogue, and novel. 

3)      Ethnographic translation: its purpose is to explicate the cultural context of the SL and TL versions. Translators have to be sensitive to the way words are used and must know how the word fits into cultures. Example: the use of the word ‘yes’ versus ‘yeah’ in America. 

4)      Linguistic translation: is concerned with equivalent meanings of the constituent morphemes of the SL and grammatical form. Example: language in a computer program and translation machine. 

Menurut Brislin di Cholilludin

Berdasarkan tujuan terjemahan, Brislin di Choliludin (2007: 26-30) mengkategorikan terjemahan menjadi empat jenis, yaitu: 

1) terjemahan Pragmatis: mengacu pada terjemahan dari pesan yang berkepentingan dengan keakuratan informasi yang dimaksudkan untuk disampaikan dalam bentuk bahasa sumber (SL) dan itu tidak disampaikan dengan aspek-aspek lain dari versi bahasa aslinya. Contoh: terjemahan dari informasi tentang memperbaiki mesin. 

2) terjemahan Aesthetic-poetic: mengacu pada penerjemahan dimana penerjemah memperhitungkan pengaruh, emosi, dan perasaan dalam versi asli, bentuk estetika yang digunakan oleh penulis asli, serta informasi dalam pesan. Contoh: terjemahan dari soneta, sajak, bait heroik, dialog dramatis, dan novel. 

3) terjemahan Etnografi: tujuannya adalah untuk menjelaskan secara lengkap konteks budaya bahasa sumber (SL) dan versi bahasa penerima (TL). Penerjemah harus peka dengan cara bagaimana kata-kata itu digunakan dan harus tahu bagaimana kata itu cocok dengan budaya tersebut. Contoh: penggunaan kata 'ya' terhadap 'ya' di Amerika. 

4) terjemahan Linguistik: berkaitan dengan makna yang setara dengan morfem-morfem konstituen dari bahasa sumber (SL) dan bentuk gramatikalnya. Contoh: bahasa program komputer dan mesin terjemah.

 Jacobson in Leonardi (2000) identifies three kinds of translation: intralingual translation (monolingual translation), interlingual translation (bilingual or multilingual translation), and intersemiotic translation (verbal sign into non-verbal sign).

1. Intralingual translation refers to a translation in which verbal signs are interpreted by means of other signs of the same language. It happens within the same language (monolingual).

2. Interlingual translation is the one which refers to different languages whether it is bilingual or multilingual.

3. Intersemiotic translation refers to an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of non-verbal sign systems. 

Jacobson di Leonardi (2000) mengidentifikasikan tiga jenis terjemahan: terjemahan intralingual (terjemahan monolingual), terjemahan interlingual (terjemahan dua bahasa atau multibahasa), dan terjemahan intersemiotic (tanda verbal menjadi tanda non-verbal ).

1. Terjemahan intralingual mengacu pada terjemahan yang tanda-tanda verbalnya ditafsirkan dengan cara menunjukkan tanda-tanda lain dari bahasa yang sama. Hal ini terjadi dalam bahasa yang sama (satu bahasa). 

2. Terjemahan interlingual adalah salah satu yang mengacu pada bahasa yang berbeda apakah itu bilingual atau multilingual.

3. Terjemahan Intersemiotic mengacu pada interpretasi tanda-tanda verbal dengan cara menunjukkan tanda-tanda lain dari sistem-sistem tanda non-verbal.

PRAGMATIC TRANSLATION (Cooking Instruction on the back side of Instant Noodle)

This is an instruction about how to make noodle.

It is translated accurately and naturally enough from Indonesia into English.

It also completed with picture, to make the reader easier to understand what is it about.

the translation technique that used by this instruction is almost all literal translation technique.

Definition of Translation

Definisi Translation :

Definition 2 : “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).”

Definisi 2 :" penerjemahan merupakan penggantian materi tekstual bahasa sumber yang sepadan dengan materi tekstual bahasa penerima".

Definition 3 :“Translation is transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant.”

Definisi 3 : " penerjemahan merupakan proses transfer makna dari bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa penerima. proses ini dilakukan dengan cara mentransfer dari bahasa pertama ke bahasa kedua dengan cara struktur semantik. ini merupakan makna yang sedang ditransfer dan harus tetap konstan.


Definition 4 : “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.”

Definisi 4 : "penerjemahan merupakan proses mengubah makna dari suatu pesan ke bahasa lain dengan cara yang dimaksudkan penulis".


Definition 5 : “Translation involves the transfer of ‘meaning’ contained in one set of language signs into another set of language through competent use of the dictionary and grammar, the process involves a whole set of extralinguistic criteria also.”

Definisi 5 : "penerjemahan melibatkan transfer makna yang terdiri dari satu set bahasa ke set bahas lain melalui penggunaan kamus dan grammar yang kompeten, proses ini juga melibatkan seluruh kriteria linguistik tambahan".


Definition 6 : “Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language.”

Definisi 6 : "penerjemahan merupakan penggantian dari gambaran suatu pesan dari suatu bahasa ke pesan bahasa lain yang memiliki kesepadanan".


Definition 7 : “Translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions.”

Definisi 7 : "penerjemahan merupakan suatu jenis aktifitas yang mana tidak dapat dielakkan  melibatkan paling tidak dua bahasa dan dua tradisi kebudayaan "


Definition 8 :“Translation can be seen as (co) generation of texts under specific constraints that is relative stability of some situational factors and, therefore, register, and classically, change of language and (context of) culture.”

Definisi 8 : "penerjemahan bisa dilihat sebagai pembangkitan pesan dibawah batasan khusus yang relatif stabil dengan beberapa faktor tambahan dan oleh karena itu daftar, secara klasik merubah bahasa dan budaya".